Once seen as synonymous with "anti-feminism" postfeminism i now
understood as the theoretical meeting ground between feminism and
anti-foundationalist movements such as postmodernism, post-structuralism
and post-colonialsm. In this clear exposition of some of the major
debates, theorists and practitioners, Ann Brooks shows how feminism is
being redefined for the twenty first century. Individual chapters look
at postfeminism in relation to feminist epistemology, Foucault,
psychoanalytic theory and semiology postmodernism and postcolonialism,
cultural politics, popular culture, film and media, and sexuality and
identity For all students looking for guidance through the sometimes
murky waters of contemporary feminist theory, this book wil provide a
reassuring first port of call.
Selasa, 18 Desember 2012
Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms
Jumat, 19 Oktober 2012
Marilyn Monroe and the Camera
Marilyn emerges in all her moods - young and carefree, sexy and serious, glamorous and girl-next-door. In a fascinating and revealing interview with French writer Georges Belmont Marilyn sets the record straight about her early life, her ambitions, fears, and dreams. Jane Russell, a friend of Marilyn's and her co-star in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, wrote an affectionate foreword.
Rabu, 10 Oktober 2012
Democracy and Moral Conflict
Cosmopolis: The HiddenAgenda of Modernity
In the seventeenth century, a vision arose which was to captivate the Western imagination for the next three hundred years: the vision of Cosmopolis, a society as rationally ordered as the Newtonian view of nature. While fueling extraordinary advances in all fields of human endeavor, this vision perpetuated a hidden yet persistent agenda: the delusion that human nature and society could be fitted into precise and manageable rational categories. Stephen Toulmin confronts that agenda—its illusions and its consequences for our present and future world.
"By showing how different the last three centuries would have been if Montaigne, rather than Descartes, had been taken as a starting point, Toulmin helps destroy the illusion that the Cartesian quest for certainty is intrinsic to the nature of science or philosophy."—Richard M. Rorty, University of Virginia
"[Toulmin] has now tackled perhaps his most ambitious theme of all. . . . His aim is nothing less than to lay before us an account of both the origins and the prospects of our distinctively modern world. By charting the evolution of modernity, he hopes to show us what intellectual posture we ought to adopt as we confront the coming millennium."—Quentin Skinner, New York Review of Books.
"By showing how different the last three centuries would have been if Montaigne, rather than Descartes, had been taken as a starting point, Toulmin helps destroy the illusion that the Cartesian quest for certainty is intrinsic to the nature of science or philosophy."—Richard M. Rorty, University of Virginia
"[Toulmin] has now tackled perhaps his most ambitious theme of all. . . . His aim is nothing less than to lay before us an account of both the origins and the prospects of our distinctively modern world. By charting the evolution of modernity, he hopes to show us what intellectual posture we ought to adopt as we confront the coming millennium."—Quentin Skinner, New York Review of Books.
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
Phayer makes an important addition to the literature of Holocaust studies: he provides evidence that Pope Pius XII (who reigned over the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958) knew in early 1942 what was happening to Europe's Jews (and to non-Jews in Croatia and Poland)Ayet he remained silent. The pope, he argues, was a Germanophile who had been schooled as a diplomat: treaties (particularly one he'd drafted between Germany and Rome in 1933) and the Communist threat were his main priorities. Protection of Vatican City from Allied or Axis bombs was another. Phayer contends that, had the pope resisted the Nazis and informed his flockAeither overtly or through existing secret channelsAabout what was happening, there would have been many more Catholic rescuers and fewer collaborators than there were. Phayer also details the Church's postwar policies; it played its part in helping Nazis escape justice, he contends, rather than support efforts to force Germany to pay reparations to survivors. Phayer, however, doesn't only describe the years of Pius XII; he contrasts him with Pope Pius XI and Pope John XXIII (who respectively preceded and followed him), and in doing so he makes a forceful point about the difference strong leadership can make. Both Pius XI and John XXIII used their positions of infallibility to openly and publicly encourage cordiality and acceptance of Jews, culminating in the Church's 1965 declaration that the Jews were not responsible for crucifying Jesus. Pius XII, says Phayer, was in contrast a weak leader and a cowardly oneAand the author argues that, given the conditions under which he served, his lack of courage proved devastating.
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Senin, 01 Oktober 2012
Introduction to The Philosophy of 'Religion
FOR some years I have been teaching the philosophy of religion to students interested in the foundations of religious belief but with no preparation in philosophy. Coming from courses in literature and in the physical and social sciences, these students brought with them many questions involving values, the nature of truth, the compatibility of religious faith with the findings of science, and the nature of man and his destiny. As discussion proceeded it became increasingly clear that I could not assume that they had even an elementary knowledge of the physical world as a whole, let alone any appreciation of the basic problems involved in the interpretation of scientific discoveries. They tended to take for granted that what had been taught in biology, psychology, and sociology was all that was to be known about man's nature—the more since they had little knowledge of their own religious tradition at its best. Moreover, they were relatively unaware of the problems involved in interpreting "facts," having had little practice in considering man's world as a whole. Yet these students were particularly anxious to know whether one could find any basis for religious belief in a world whose energies might any day blow up in their faces.
Rabu, 26 September 2012
The Interpretation of Cultures
Rabu, 15 Agustus 2012
Hippocrates : Making the Way for Medicine
Hippocrates was a Greek doctor who is called The Father of Medicine. Before he was born around 460 B.C., there was little science in medicine. Doctors thought the gods were to blame for illness. Hippocrates studied the human body and tried to figure out what caused disease so he could develop cures. Hippocrates suggested rules for doctors to follow. The Hippocratic Oath, which doctors still follow, was based on his teachings.
Kamis, 26 Juli 2012
Runtuhnya Teori Evolusi
Berbagai akibat sosial yang disebabkan oleh teori evolusi telah dibahas dalam buku Harun Yahya lainnya. (Lihat karya Harun Yahya The Disasters Darwinism Brought to Humanity, Communism Lies in Ambush, The Black Magic of Darwinism, serta The Religion of Darwinism). Dalam buku-buku tersebut diungkapkan bahwa teori ini, yang disebut-sebut sebagai “ilmiah”, sebenarnya sama sekali tidak memiliki dasar ilmiah; bahwa teori tersebut hanyalah sebuah skenario yang terus dipaksakan walaupun dihadapkan kepada semua fakta yang berbicara sebaliknya; dan isi teori ini tak lain takhayul belaka. Bagi mereka yang ingin memahami seperti apa sesungguhnya teori evolusi dan “pandangan hidup” Darwinisme, yang selama 150 tahun terakhir ini secara sistematis telah menyeret dunia ke jurang kekerasan, kebiadaban, kekejaman, dan pertikaian, sangat dianjurkan untuk membaca buku-buku tersebut. Buku ini akan membahas ketidakabsahan teori evolusi pada tingkat umum. Di sini dikupas pernyataan evolusionis tentang beberapa hal, menggunakan beberapa pertanyaan yang sering diajukan orang, yang belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Jawaban yang tertera
dalam buku ini secara ilmiah diperinci lebih jauh dalam buku lain karya penulis seperti The Evolution Deceit, dan Darwinism Refuted.(pengantar)
Selasa, 17 Juli 2012
MARXISME Ilmu dan Amalnya
“Suatu pandangan yang sempit akan memberikan suatu tinjauan yang palsu dan sesat. Marxisme bukanlah suatu cara dan rancangan pemerintahan saja, juga bukan suatu pemecahan teknis untuk masalah perekonomian, bukan pula suatu pendirian yang bolak-balik atau suatu semboyan dalam suatu pidato yang mengharukan. Ia menyebutkan dirinya suatu tafsiran yang luas tentang manusia dan sejarah, tentang makhluk dan masyarakat, tentang alam dan Tuhan; suatu sintesis umum, menurut teori dan praktek, pendek kata, suatu sistem yang menyeluruh.”
Selasa, 03 Juli 2012
Atheism and Theism (Great Debates in Philosophy)
This is a good introduction to many of the main arguments concerning
theism and atheism. Smart and Haldane manage to cover most of the main
issues while at the same time making original contributions to the
debate. The book is especially helpful for giving clear account of the
issues surrounding the "fine-tuning" argument due e.g., to Richard
Swinburne.
As they mention in the Introduction, neither Smart nor Haldane is a specialist precisely in philosophy of religion--both are well known especially for contributions to philosophy of mind--and this affects the book's overall approach. Smart begins with a defense of physicalism (the view that only objects whose existence is required by physical theory exist), arguing that this position should be accepted on the methodological ground that it is most compatible with the results of modern science. Smart also responds to various theistic arguments and defends a version of the "problem of evil" objection to theism. Haldane follows this with a series of arguments against materialist reductionism, taking the failure of reductionism to entail some kind of design and so theism. Haldane also defends versions of the cosmological ("firt cause") argument and attempts a solution to the problem of evil. Smart then briefly responds to Haldane and Haldane to Smart. For Smart, atheism is part of a general commitment to physicalism, whereas Haldane seems no less interested in defending a general antireductionism (e.g., with respect to intentionality) than in defending theism specifically.
The book covers a great deal of ground and offers much food for thought. The downside to this is discussions of particular issues are sometimes sketchier than one would like. Perhaps it would have been more effective to focus the book more tightly on the aspect of the debate that raises issues of reductionism vs. antireductionism. I also wish the book had been organized so as encourage a more extended response from Smart to Haldane's antireductionist arguments. Smart's methodological principles may well establish a presumption against theism, but surely this presumption is defeasible, and Haldane's contribution is effect an attempt to defeat precisely this presumption.
As they mention in the Introduction, neither Smart nor Haldane is a specialist precisely in philosophy of religion--both are well known especially for contributions to philosophy of mind--and this affects the book's overall approach. Smart begins with a defense of physicalism (the view that only objects whose existence is required by physical theory exist), arguing that this position should be accepted on the methodological ground that it is most compatible with the results of modern science. Smart also responds to various theistic arguments and defends a version of the "problem of evil" objection to theism. Haldane follows this with a series of arguments against materialist reductionism, taking the failure of reductionism to entail some kind of design and so theism. Haldane also defends versions of the cosmological ("firt cause") argument and attempts a solution to the problem of evil. Smart then briefly responds to Haldane and Haldane to Smart. For Smart, atheism is part of a general commitment to physicalism, whereas Haldane seems no less interested in defending a general antireductionism (e.g., with respect to intentionality) than in defending theism specifically.
The book covers a great deal of ground and offers much food for thought. The downside to this is discussions of particular issues are sometimes sketchier than one would like. Perhaps it would have been more effective to focus the book more tightly on the aspect of the debate that raises issues of reductionism vs. antireductionism. I also wish the book had been organized so as encourage a more extended response from Smart to Haldane's antireductionist arguments. Smart's methodological principles may well establish a presumption against theism, but surely this presumption is defeasible, and Haldane's contribution is effect an attempt to defeat precisely this presumption.
Selasa, 07 Februari 2012
Elements of Semiology
Enlightenment's Wake: Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age
Enlightenment's Wake stakes out the elements of John Gray's new position. He argues that all schools of contemporary political thought are variations on the Enlightenment Project--the Westernizing project of a universal civilization--and that this Enlightenment Project has proved self-undermining and is now exhausted. Fresh thought is needed on the dilemmas of the late modern age.
Fictionalism in Metaphysics
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Time, Space, and Metaphysics
Time, Space, and Metaphysics engages with major philosophical questions concerning time and space, a framework for the investigation being provided by the debate between the absolutists and the relationists, so between Newton and Leibniz, and their followers. The investigation brings to the fore questions of the nature and reality of time and space, and leads on to more recent debates, such as those relating to anti-realism, time travel, temporal parts, geometry, convention, and the infinitude of time and space. These in turn raise more general issues, issues involving such concepts as those of identity, objectivity, causation, facts, and verifiability. Their examination falls within metaphysics, thought of as the investigation and analysis of fundamental philosophical concepts, but there is also metaphysics of a more contentious character, where the subject-matter is provided by propositions which transcend what can be known either through experience or by pure reasoning. In this connection, a central aim is to show how, without dismissing them as nonsensical, we may arrive at a fruitful interpretation of such propositions.
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The Philosophy of Time: Time Before Times (Routledge Studies in Twentieth Century Philosophy)
The question of the existence and the properties of time has been subject to debate for thousands of years. This considered and complete study offers a contrastive analysis of phenomenologies of time from the perspective of the problematics of the visibility of time. Is time perceptible only through the veil of change? Or is there a naked presence of "time itself"? Or has time always effaced itself?
McClure's new work also stages confrontations between phenomenology of time and analytical philosophy of time. By doing so he explores ancient issues from a fresh perspective, such as whether time passes, whether experimental time is "real time," and whether the very concept of time is contradictory.
McClure's new work also stages confrontations between phenomenology of time and analytical philosophy of time. By doing so he explores ancient issues from a fresh perspective, such as whether time passes, whether experimental time is "real time," and whether the very concept of time is contradictory.
Socializing Metaphysics
Senin, 06 Februari 2012
Modernism and the Ordinary
Through pointed readings of prose and poetry from both the U. S. and abroad, Liesl Olson highlights the variety of ways modernist writers represented the quotidian details of modern life, even during times of political crisis and war. Run of the mill experiences like walking to work, eating a sandwich, or mending a dress were often resistant to shock, and these daily actions presented a counter-force to the aesthetic of heightened affect with which modernism is often associated. In a series of persuasively argued chapters, we see how the ordinary operates in its many modernist manifestations: the minutiae of list-making and the decidedly unheroic qualities of Bloom in Joyce's Ulysses; Virginia Woolf's rendering of the ordinary as an affective experience in Mrs. Dalloway; the retreat into daily routine as a refuge from the tumult of World War II in Gertrude Stein's Mrs. Reynolds; Wallace Stevens's conception of the commonplace as rooted in pragmatist philosophy; and how Beckett and Proust are simultaneously compelled and repelled by the banalities of modern life. These works are read alongside the ideas of philosophers such as William James, Henri Bergson, and Henri Lefebvre to illustrate how these artists responded to the difficulty of representing the mundane without making it transcendent.
A trenchant, richly textured monograph, Modernism and the Ordinary reveals how the non-transformative power of everyday experiences-what Virginia Woolf called the "cotton wool of daily life"-exerts a profound influence on the epoch-defining art of some of the twentieth century's most celebrated writers.
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Jumat, 03 Februari 2012
Fifty Major Political Thinkers 1st ed

Fifty Major Political Thinkers 2nd edition
- Aristotle
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Michel Foucault
- Mohandas Gandhi
- Jurgen Habermas
- Machiavelli
- Karl Marx
- Thomas Paine
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Mary Wollstonecraft
Fully cross-referenced and including a glossary of theoretical terms, this wide-ranging and accessible book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the evolution and history of contemporary political thought.
The Philosophy of Jürgen Habermas: A Critical Introduction
This study is a comprehensive and detailed analysis and sustained critique of Habermas' philosophical system since his pragmatist turn in the seventies. It clearly and precisely depicts Habermas' long chain of arguments leading from an analysis of speech acts to a discourse theory of law and the democratic constitutional state. Along the way the study examines, among other things, Habermas' theory of communicative action, transcendental and universal pragmatics and the argument from "performative contradictions", discourse ethics, the consensus theory of truth, Habermas' ideas on developmental psychology, communicative pathologies and social evolution, his theory of social order, the analysis of the tensions between system and lifeworld, his theory of modernity, and his theory of deliberative democracy. For all Habermas students this study will prove indispensable.
Kamis, 02 Februari 2012
Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics
The Handbook of Internet Politics is concerned with theoretical and conceptual debates, political institutions and practices, and how the Internet creates new policy problems for liberal democratic and non liberal-democratic states, not to mention their roles in the global system. There has been a steady stream of high quality research literature in this field over the last five years and this Handbook calls upon contributions from some of the leading scholars in the field from the UK, Europe and US.
Providing the first comprehensive overview of Internet politics, this will be a helpful companion to students and scholars of politics, international relations, communication studies and sociology.
Ethics, Psyche and Social Responsibility (Corporate Social Responsibility Series)
Rabu, 01 Februari 2012
Cindy Adams: Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat Indonesia
Hackers & Painters Big Ideas from the Computer Age
"The computer world is like an intellectual Wild West, in which you can shoot anyone you wish with your ideas, if you're willing to risk the consequences. "
--from Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age, by Paul Graham
--from Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age, by Paul Graham
We are living in the computer age, in a world increasingly designed and engineered by computer programmers and software designers, by people who call themselves hackers. Who are these people, what motivates them, and why should you care?
Consider these facts: Everything around us is turning into computers. Your typewriter is gone, replaced by a computer. Your phone has turned into a computer. So has your camera. Soon your TV will. Your car was not only designed on computers, but has more processing power in it than a room-sized mainframe did in 1970. Letters, encyclopedias, newspapers, and even your local store are being replaced by the Internet.
Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age, by Paul Graham, explains this world and the motivations of the people who occupy it. In clear, thoughtful prose that draws on illuminating historical examples, Graham takes readers on an unflinching exploration into what he calls "an intellectual Wild West."
The ideas discussed in this book will have a powerful and lasting impact on how we think, how we work, how we develop technology, and how we live. Topics include the importance of beauty in software design, how to make wealth, heresy and free speech, the programming language renaissance, the open-source movement, digital design, Internet startups, and more.
And here's a taste of what you'll find in Hackers & Painters:
"In most fields the great work is done early on. The paintings made between 1430 and 1500 are still unsurpassed. Shakespeare appeared just as professional theater was being born, and pushed the medium so far that every playwright since has had to live in his shadow. Albrecht Durer did the same thing with engraving, and Jane Austen with the novel.
Over and over we see the same pattern. A new medium appears, and people are so excited about it that they explore most of its possibilities in the first couple generations. Hacking seems to be in this phase now.
Painting was not, in Leonardo's time, as cool as his work helped make it. How cool hacking turns out to be will depend on what we can do with this new medium."
Andy Hertzfeld, co-creator of the Macintosh computer, says about Hackers & Painters: "Paul Graham is a hacker, painter and a terrific writer. His lucid, humorous prose is brimming with contrarian insight and practical wisdom on writing great code at the intersection of art, science and commerce."
Paul Graham, designer of the new Arc language, was the creator of Yahoo Store, the first web-based application. In addition to his PhD in Computer Science from Harvard, Graham also studied painting at the Rhode Island School of Design and the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence.
Human Rights A Very Short Introduction
Today it is usually not long before a problem gets expressed as a human rights issue. An appeal to human rights in the face of injustice can be a heartfelt and morally justified demand for some, while for others it remains merely an empty slogan. Taking an international perspective and focusing on highly topical issues such as torture, arbitrary detention, privacy, health and discrimination, this Very Short Introduction will help readers to understand for themselves the controversies and complexities behind this vitally relevant issue. Looking at the philosophical justification for rights, the historical origins of human rights and how they are formed in law, Andrew Clapham explains what our human rights actually are, what they might be, and where the human rights movement is heading.
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Habermas: A Very Short Introduction
Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction
One of the finest introductions to Existentialism, regardless of length
Most introductions to Existentialism make either of a couple of mistakes: they either focus on the style rather than the substance of the thinkers subsumed under the label or they focus on the mood evoked. Anyone who has read much about the philosophy knows that it is all too easy to degenerate into a meditation on the angst of human existence. By centering their discussions on moods and attitudes rather than concrete philosophical positions, Existentialism as it emerges from far too many introductions become anything and everything, yet nothing at all. Not so with Flynn.
The book is broken into six (necessarily) short chapters. The first five justify the cost of the book. The last one, on "Existentialism in the 21st Century," is an unhappy addendum. It seeks to hint at ways that Existential thought can engage some of the ongoing philosophical debates that continue into the 21st century. But the various ideas are simply dealt with too briefly and the possibilities of engagement are more gestured at than explained. The intentions were good, but there simply wasn't enough room to produce more than an outline of a chapter. But the first five chapters are all lucid and sharply focused. The first chapter deals with the central tenet of all thinkers who can be considered Existentialists (it is important to remember that most "Existentialists" did not so consider themselves), that philosophy is a practical discipline, dealing with actual lived life, not an inhuman scienticity far removed from concrete human concerns. The second deals with what it means to become an individual and how that is achieved. The third begins with Sartre's famous lecture on humanism and uses this as a springboard to talk of both theistic and atheistic forms of existential thought, but showing how both nonetheless place human beings at the center. The fourth chapter delves into the important ethical concept of authenticity. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with an aspect of Existentialism that many books on it neglect, the social philosophy promulgated by many of the movement's leading thinkers.
Not all those considered Existentialists receive equal attention in this intro. There is a great deal more about Kierkegaard and Sartre than any other thinkers, though there are significant discussions of a host of additional philosophers including Merleau-Ponty, Camus, Heidegger, Nietzsche, de Beauvoir, and Marcel. I have read fairly widely in all of those thinkers except Merleau-Ponty and can attest that his discussions of all these individuals are consistently accurate and fair. I admire how clearly he is able to get to the crux of their central ideas without distorting their thought. I'm especially conversant with Kierkegaard and while I often would have like to seen certain points expanded, I cannot say that he says anything misleading.
I recommend this as an introduction to Existentialism over all other such books with which I am familiar. Though still of value, some of the older intros by people like Walter Kaufman and William Barrett are definitely showing their age. They also suffer from the disadvantage of having been written while Existentialism was still in its hey day and they had less of a sense of what would be deemed of ongoing value in the movement. Flynn has the advantage of hindsight and knowledge of what parts retain interest. I have read several outstanding entries in this series by Oxford and feel that this is one of the best volumes yet.
The book is broken into six (necessarily) short chapters. The first five justify the cost of the book. The last one, on "Existentialism in the 21st Century," is an unhappy addendum. It seeks to hint at ways that Existential thought can engage some of the ongoing philosophical debates that continue into the 21st century. But the various ideas are simply dealt with too briefly and the possibilities of engagement are more gestured at than explained. The intentions were good, but there simply wasn't enough room to produce more than an outline of a chapter. But the first five chapters are all lucid and sharply focused. The first chapter deals with the central tenet of all thinkers who can be considered Existentialists (it is important to remember that most "Existentialists" did not so consider themselves), that philosophy is a practical discipline, dealing with actual lived life, not an inhuman scienticity far removed from concrete human concerns. The second deals with what it means to become an individual and how that is achieved. The third begins with Sartre's famous lecture on humanism and uses this as a springboard to talk of both theistic and atheistic forms of existential thought, but showing how both nonetheless place human beings at the center. The fourth chapter delves into the important ethical concept of authenticity. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with an aspect of Existentialism that many books on it neglect, the social philosophy promulgated by many of the movement's leading thinkers.
Not all those considered Existentialists receive equal attention in this intro. There is a great deal more about Kierkegaard and Sartre than any other thinkers, though there are significant discussions of a host of additional philosophers including Merleau-Ponty, Camus, Heidegger, Nietzsche, de Beauvoir, and Marcel. I have read fairly widely in all of those thinkers except Merleau-Ponty and can attest that his discussions of all these individuals are consistently accurate and fair. I admire how clearly he is able to get to the crux of their central ideas without distorting their thought. I'm especially conversant with Kierkegaard and while I often would have like to seen certain points expanded, I cannot say that he says anything misleading.
I recommend this as an introduction to Existentialism over all other such books with which I am familiar. Though still of value, some of the older intros by people like Walter Kaufman and William Barrett are definitely showing their age. They also suffer from the disadvantage of having been written while Existentialism was still in its hey day and they had less of a sense of what would be deemed of ongoing value in the movement. Flynn has the advantage of hindsight and knowledge of what parts retain interest. I have read several outstanding entries in this series by Oxford and feel that this is one of the best volumes yet.
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Atheism: A Very Short Introduction
Ancient Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction
The Sublime Object of Ideology
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Kamis, 26 Januari 2012
Dalih Pembunuhan Massal: Gerakan 30 September dan Kudeta Suharto
Ketika Suharto jatuh dari kekuasaannya pada 1998 saya tidak memxvi KATA PENGANTAR EDISI BAHASA INDONESIA bayangkan bahwa satu dekade kemudian pemerintah akan terus melarang buku-buku yang tidak sesuai dengan propaganda rezim yang lalu. Rezim Suharto mengklaim bahwa PKI bertanggung jawab atas G-30-S; partai itu memimpin atau mengorganisasikan G-30-S. Klaim serupa itu dapat diterima sebagai sebuah hipotesa tetapi kita seharusnya berharap diberi sejumlah bukti sebelum kita menerimanya sebagai kesimpulan. Kita juga harus berharap ada rumusan yang lebih persis. PKI adalah sebuah partai dengan anggota kurang lebih tiga juta orang. Kalau pemerintah berniat bersikukuh bahwa “PKI” mengorganisasikan G-30-S, maka pemerintah harus mampu menjelaskan siapa di dalam PKI yang mengorganisasikan gerakan tersebut. Apakah tiga juta anggota partai secara keseluruhan bertanggung jawab? Atau kah sebagian? Atau hanya pimpinan partai? Apakah pihak pimpinan itu Central Comite atau Politbiro? Sepanjang masa kepemimpinan Suharto pemerintah tidak pernah dengan telak mengidentifi kasi siapa di dalam PKI yang bertanggung jawab. Malahan, dengan secara terus-menerus menggunakan istilah “PKI” masyarakat digiring untuk percaya bahwa bukan hanya seluruh tiga juta anggota partai yang bertanggung jawab, tetapi juga siapa pun yang berhubungan dengan partai, seperti para anggota organisasi-organisasi sealiran (seperti Lekra), bertanggung jawab.
Dokumen-dokumen internal rezim Suharto lebih terus terang. Kebetulan saya menemukan buku yang ditulis Lemhanas pada 1968 untuk pejabat-pejabat pemerintah yang persis mengajukan pertanyaanpertanyaan di atas. Buku 80 halaman ini ditulis dalam bentuk tanyajawab. Berikut satu bagian tentang tanggung jawab “PKI”: Pertanyaan: Apakah benar bahwa G-30-S/PKI yang menggerakkan adalah PKI dan apakah setiap anggota PKI tentu terlibat dalam G-30-S/PKI?
Jawab: Benar
Dokumen-dokumen internal rezim Suharto lebih terus terang. Kebetulan saya menemukan buku yang ditulis Lemhanas pada 1968 untuk pejabat-pejabat pemerintah yang persis mengajukan pertanyaanpertanyaan di atas. Buku 80 halaman ini ditulis dalam bentuk tanyajawab. Berikut satu bagian tentang tanggung jawab “PKI”: Pertanyaan: Apakah benar bahwa G-30-S/PKI yang menggerakkan adalah PKI dan apakah setiap anggota PKI tentu terlibat dalam G-30-S/PKI?
Jawab: Benar
Zaman Edan - Indonesia di Ambang Kekacauan

Catatan Hitam Lima Presiden Indonesia

Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia
Justice, Gender, and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia
World Religions and Multiculturalism
The Second Sex
In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir posed questions many men, and women, had yet to ponder when the book was released in 1953. "One wonders if women still exist, if they will always exist, whether or not it is desirable that they should ...," she says in this comprehensive treatise on women. She weaves together history, philosophy, economics, biology, and a host of other disciplines to show women's place in the world and to postulate on the power of sexuality. This is a powerful piece of writing in a time before "feminism" was even a phrase, much less a movement.
This massive, classic tome is still a delight to read. Simone de Beauvoir is intelligent, scholarly, lucid, and witty; her thesis is simple: early western philosophers established the female sex as "the other" to rationalize and promote the development and growth of fledgling patriarchy. "'The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities,' said Aristotle; 'we should regard the female nature as afflicted with a natural defectiveness.'" Referring to the earlier research of noted anthropologist Levi-Strauss on the development of the category of "other" - "as primordial as consciousness itself" in all known human cultures - Simone de Beauvoir analyses the depth, breadth, purpose, and result of the western notion of woman as not-man. The book is sub-divided into two sections, "Facts and Myths" and "Woman's Life Today," in which she examines and documents such subjects as "The Data of Biology," "History," "Myths," "The Formative Years," "Situation," "Justification," and, finally "Towards Liberation." Simone de Beauvoir - literary artist, philosopher, and founding mother of twentieth-century feminism - wrote The Second Sex "less by a wish to demand our rights than by an effort towards clarity and understanding." Forty-five years after the book's publication, it remains true to its intent.
Kamis, 05 Januari 2012
The Reality of the Mass Media
Thus these subsystems of society (Economy, Law, Religion, Politics) had to establish operational conditions creating their own programmes on base of a binary code (positive x negative). For instance, Economy's binary code - money x no money -, Law's - legal x illegal- , Religion's - faith x no faith.
The most interestin thing concerning Luhmann's theory is that it is based on interdisciplinarity. He mixes theories from cybernetic epistemology (Heinz von Foerster)and mathematics (Spencer Brown) to permit the observation of social systems through the study of mathematical forms, second order cybernetics and constructivist epistemology.
In this context we have one of this most interesting book ever written by Niklas Luhmann, which focus on what is known as the MASS MEDIA. He approaches the MASS MEDIA as one of the most important and interesting subsystem in modern society. This subsystem encloses the press, entertainmente and advertising. He postulates a "contructivist" stance to this subsystem that is not based on the binary code of real x unreal (real x false), because differently as people may think it is not operating on "the reality", as a kind of ontology, but this subsystem constructs its own "reality" based on its own programmes and codification. This perspective Luhmann gets from the second order cybernetics (Heinz von Foerster) and second order obsevation (Maturana & Varela). Luhmann points out that the MASS MEDIA is a system of self-observation of modern society. He refuses the idea that there is someone controlling the public opinion, because it is simply impossible as the hypercomplexity of our society cannot be controlled by a human being. The MASS MEDIA, as all other susbsystems in modern society, only communicate through communication. He claims: only communication can communicate!!.
If you want to look at press, entertainment and advertising from a different point of observation and to get rid of all humanistic theories that tried to describe and conceptualize what is called THE MASS MEDIA, DO NOT miss to read the book. I can assure that you will never more conceive of modern society in the old same way we were taught to. Open your mind and read The Reality of the Mass Media by Niklas Luhmann, although you may find it a difficult reading!!
Rabu, 04 Januari 2012
Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law: The Bulging Pocket Makes the Easy Life
Corruption flouts rules of fairness and gives some people advantages that others don't have. Corruption is persistent; there is little evidence that countries can escape the curse of corruption easily-or at all. Instead of focusing on institutional reform, Uslaner suggests that the roots of corruption lie in economic and legal inequality and low levels of generalized trust (which are not readily changed) and poor policy choices (which may be more likely to change). Economic inequality provides a fertile breeding ground for corruption-and, in turn, it leads to further inequalities. Just as corruption is persistent, inequality and trust do not change much over time in my cross-national aggregate analyses. Uslaner argues that high inequality leads to low trust and high corruption, and then to more inequality-an inequality trap and identifies direct linkages between inequality and trust in surveys of the mass public and elites in transition countries. Eric M. Uslaner is Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland-College Park, where he has taught since 1975. He has written seven books including The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge University Press, 2002), and The Decline of Comity in Congress (University of Michigan Press, 1993). In 1981-82 he was Fulbright Professor of American Studies and Political Science at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel and in 2005, he was a Fulbright Senior Specialist Lecturer at Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia. In 2006 he was appointed the first Senior Research Fellow at the Center for American Law and Political Science at the Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China.
The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law
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